Britannia is one of the proudest names in the fireworks industry. The team has used its award winning skills for many years accross the UK and Europe - and we now want to deliver the same quality for you and your audience.
We have spent over 20 years perfecting our craft, and we keep our work at the cutting edge so that we can improve our performance on every display.
These are generally used for 75mm. and 100mm. shells fired in sequences.They are usually used in groups of 6 shells for 75mm, and 5 for 100mm.
shells.
Such sequences are normally placed in racks specially designed for the purpose.
This allows the shells to be fused together, normally with a time delay between each shell using green PIC. Certain Maroons must not be placed in racks.Always load into individual tubes.
The racks must be secured using wooden stakes or steel pins.If using steel pins
(road pins) or angle irons, then the sledge or club hammer must be protected from the pin to avoid sparks - a piece of cardboard or wood should be sufficient for the purpose.Non- ferrous hammers are available, but are extremely expensive and difficult to procure.If setting up close to where other fireworks have already been prepared, consider placing all the stakes out before fixing the tubes.
Make sure that all fuses are protected whilst securing the stakes and that the racks are angled away from the spectators.
All match fuses must be secured to the top of the mortar tube to prevent it being lifted off by an adjacent shell when fired.This can be difficult to achieve on plastic tubes as they tend to stay damp.In such cases wipe them dry with a rag or paper towel beforehand.
To secure the shell leaders (quickmatch leaders) to the racks use wooden battens tied down using nylon zip ties to pinch the leaders onto the rack frame. You can also use a zip ties on individual leaders, but when using a larger number of shells this is fiddly and time consuming so the former is usually preferred. Another method is to tape the leader down, but this is usually a last option and used if zip ties etc run out as the tape tends not to stick to the racks, but is useful when attaching leaders to the cardboard tubes, simply ensure the surface is as clean as possible giving the tape chance to stick well.
Never use a Stapler to secure shell leaders onto a wooden frame; this can result in premature ignition.
This applies to both batteries and single tubes as the quickmatch fuse can blow itself out when bent over the edge of tubes.
It is important to ensure that the brown paper quickmatch fuse is completely inside the mortar tube and covered as it is particularly sensitive to damp.
The paper fuse will need to be joined to a length of waterproof quickmatch which can be left outside the tube.
Some shells may be pre-fused at the factory.They must not be carried in the tubes in vehicles but unloaded before transport and re-loaded at the display site.
Maroons and Mines
Treat as for shells.Never put maroons in racks.They contain flash powder and if one blows the blast will destroy the whole rack.
Rockets
As a rule Britannia Fireworks do not use Single, Large Rockets in our Displays, but on occasion we are requested to do so. If the site is suitable etc.. we take into account the following :-
The major consideration when setting up rockets is that the empty tubes and sticks will not fall onto spectators.It may seem obvious but the crowd are going to be looking up into the sky!This is where the debris will come from.
Before any firework display it is vital that the wind direction is checked.This is particularly important when considering where to fire rockets.We have already made reference to the fact that rockets turn back into the wind.Plenty of space is required to fire them and an adequate “fall out zone” must be available.
Rockets should be set up in racks specially designed for the purpose.These can take the form of steel tubes welded onto a frame.One alternative is to construct a timber frame made from 1 ½ “ x 1” timber (38 x25mm).The sticks can then be dropped into such suitable guides as large screw eyes, saddle clips, staples of 12mm. diameter or plastic tubes set into spring clips.
Check first of all that the stick of the rocket is firmly fixed to the body and that the stick is not broken or split.Make certain that the rocket is free to rise with no obstructions.
Most rockets have fuse caps.These must be removed for fusing but delay this as long as possible to avoid damp.Rockets are very often fired in a sequence and will therefore need to be fused together.Use green fuse and secure this with tape to each rocket fuse.Be careful the green fuse does not fall away from the rocket as it burns.
Remember to remove all plastic waterproofing before firing rockets!
These are smaller rockets which are fired in groups of 10 or more at the same time and may be fired from a metal cone, an 8” (200mm) tube or a specially constructed box.
Flights are fitted with instantaneous match fuse, unlike their bigger brothers which have delay fuses.
The method for fusing flights is to ensure that all of them fire together.A length of brown fuse or more commonly quickmatch is attached to two rocket fuses and a piece of green fuse is finally attached to the brown or quickmatch to act as the delay fuse.The spread of fire from each fuse will ensure that they will all fire simultaneously.
These fireworks must be securely fixed to a stake using at least 2 ties, or set firmly in sand or earth.It is important to make sure that they cannot topple as the balls of fire and effects are thrown to a considerable height.When using wire, care must be taken so as not to over tighten and restrict the bore of the tube.
These are very often used in pairs or groups of three to create spectacular effects in fans.In this case they should be fixed as before to specially constructed frames which are in turn attached to stakes.They should be angled away and fixed on the side furthest away from the spectators.If frames are used it will determine the angle of the candles automatically, but if in sand or earth then the maximum permitted angle from the vertical must be no more than 15 degrees.
Candles are fused together using quickmatch.The end of the quickmatch is exposed and is inserted into the open end of the candle.A further short length of black match is used in the end of the candle to aid ignition.All fuses are then secured to the candle using tape.All fuses are then brought to a central point and a 5 second delay using green fuse is finally connected.
Bundles of candles
Small Roman Candles can be tied together to form a bundle of 7 or 19.The bundle is tied together using strong tape or wire provided it is not too tight.These are then secured to a stake or special frame as previously described.
They are fused together by exposing the fuses and laying a generous quantity of black match over the top of them.A delay fuse is attached to the black match and then the top is completely covered with tape to waterproof the items, leaving only the green delay fuse exposed.These can also be linked to others.
Generic term for any item which react in a self sustaining chemical reaction and generally produces a light effect. Pyrotechnic articles are different to fireworks and generally are used for stage and theatrical uses
Quickmatch
Raw match enclosed in a paper or plastic tube
Rack
Apparatus for firing rockets or mortar tubes
Rain
Shells containing long burning stars that fall all the way to the ground.
Raw match
Black powder coated thread used for linking fireworks
Repeater shell
Usually a cylinder shell with timed bursts at regular intervals
Ring shell
An aerial shell that produces symmetrical rings of stars often have a rope tail to control orientation of the break
Rising effect
Often a tail effect on a shell but can be external attachments to a shell that break off during the rise to create special effects
A cardboard tube with a stack of timed comets or bombette units
Round shell
A shell in the form of a sphere usually containing coloured stars
Safety area
The area around a fireworks display site between the spectators and fireworks. Not including a fall out zone
Salute
Report or loud bang
Saturn shell
A chrysanthemum break with an outer ring of a contrasting colour
Saxon
A bar with centre pivot with drivers at either one or two ends which make the bar spin on a central point.
Screecher
A whistle unit with a hole through the centre. This increases the burn speed and therefore the sound
Sequence
The pattern in which fireworks are detonated in a display
Series circuit
A circuit arranged so the current runs through each igniter in turn. This enables and breaks to be detected
Serpent
A spinning tube used in candles and shells. Usually with a report unit
Set piece
A ground firework. Generally static
Shell
The most spectacular of fireworks propelled with a lifting charge from a mortar and a bursting charge that charge to a star composition in the air after a predetermined delay
Shell delay
See Delay fuse
Shell of shells
An aerial shell that contains smaller shells ignited when the main shell bursts and subsequently produces small secondary bursts
Short circuit
The accidental completion of a circuit which causes the current to not flow through the igniter
Shot
The single functioning of a roman candle or cake
Smoke
Air suspension of particles from incomplete combustion of a composition
Smokeless powder
A powder containing nitro-cellulose and nitro-glycerine as it does not produce much smoke
Spark
Typical effect caused by incandescent particles ejected form the surface of a burning composition
Sparkler
Wire coated with pyrotechnic composition that gives off small sparks
Spider shell
A shell containing a small number of large stars producing a symmetrical burst. Sometimes called octopus shells
Splitting comet
A comet with an internal charge of flash powder which when ignited splits the comet into several pieces.
Squib
Electric igniter
Star
A pressed unit of composition usually spheres or cylinders used in shells, mines, rockets and roman candles
Storage
The holding of fireworks prior to their use. Premises must be licensed for amounts above a certain quantity
Strobe
A pulsing on off star effect fired from candles and shells and ground based effects
Tail effect
A comet star secured to the outside of a shell to give a tail to the rising shell
Tiger tail shell
A shell made up of a solid ball of composition to produce a substantial tail effect. Sometimes with a small shell break
Titanium
A silver metal used in the production of maroons and gerbes
Top fused
A shell where the shell delay is lit separately from the lifting charge. Often found in large Maltese shells
Tourbillion
See Serpent
Transportation
The process of consigning a load of fireworks. Subject to heavy legislative control
TREM card
Documentation required when transporting fireworks of any quantity. Transport emergency card. Provide information for emergency services
Trunk
A large tail unit often used on palm and willow shells
UN classification
The assignment of a packaged firework into the UN classes for fireworks
UN compatibility group
The G or S of 1.3G or 1.4S. The compatibility group indicated what a particular item may and not be transported with
UN Hazard code
See UN number
UN Mark
A complicated mark assigned to a particular packing box for dangerous goods
UN Number
A four-digit number assigned to hazardous goods. Explosives always start with a 0 e.g. 1.4G fireworks are UN 0336. Used to identifya dangerous item in the event of an emergency
Volley
A mass firing of rockets or shells
Water firework
Aquatic fireworks e.g. shells or water gerb
Water gerb
A floating gerb with a weight and cork float.
Water shell
See Aquatic shell
Waterfall
A curtain of coloured or silver sparks that falls vertically. Composition is made from an aluminium alloy
A rotating piece attached to a post in the form of a saxon bar or wheel with driver units
Whistle
A tube containing composition of potassium benzoate and potassium silicate. On burning the composition creates oscillation in the tube and creates a whistle effect which is amplified in the tube
Whizzer
See Hummer
Willow shell
A shell containing charcoal based stars with a long burn time which often fall to the ground
Alfred Nobel showed that by careful adjustment of the grain size of gunpowder and suitable confinement of the reaction, that a detonation wave could be produced. The speed of combustion has been so accelerated that it has broken the sound barrier and gone super sonic. You are now in the realms of high explosive.
Deflagatory explosives decompose energetically by a process of chemical combustion; high explosives decompose energetically by a process of physical destruction.A detonator produces a super- sonic shock wave which scythes through the inter-atomic bonds that hold the molecules of the high explosive together.The released energy from these broken bonds then travels out to propagate the reaction.
The force of the high explosives is not dependent on the production of hot gases, but by the creation of a physical shock wave.
Basic high explosives are single substances and, since oxidising agents do not play a part in their decomposition, many can be quite safely ignited and they will burn like wood or paper.
High explosives can of course be mixed together, Lyddite, Gelignite are examples of mixed explosives.
It should be noted that Aluminium Nitrate can be used as an oxidising agent as well as a high explosive and is used in the manufacture of Amatol to get rid of the clouds of black smoke produced by the detonation of TNT.
Nuclear
Whereas high explosives involve the breaking down of molecules into atoms, nuclear explosions involve breaking down atoms into their sub-atomic particles
Nuclear explosions are Matter/Anti-matter reactions in which the Matter (Electrons, Protons, Neutrons etc.) are destroyed to produce Anti- matter (pure energy).
Fire precautions involving nuclear explosions are beyond the scope of this course.
The Keeping and Storage of Explosives
It is likely that Operators will at some stage need to keep explosives in temporary storage before a display, or after it in the case of unused items-
Explosives Act requirements
The Act requires explosives, including fireworks, to be kept in a factory or magazine licensed by the HSE, or in premises registered with the Local Authority.The quantities and types that may be kept will depend on the particulars of the licence.
Exceptions to this are where explosives are delivered to a site for use on that day, or where they are stored privately in accordance with the Control of Explosives Regulations 1991, as below.
Control of Explosives Regulations 1991
These Regulations allow, among other things, the storage of an unlimited quantity of fireworks on private premises for up to fourteen days before private use.This concession is however of no value to Operators who are giving commercial public displays.
Operators are likely to require licensed or registered storage.In the latter case, the quantities that may be stored will vary according to the authorisation, and may range from a few kilos up to several tonnes.
The storage will need to be within easy road reach site, so that the items can be delivered and set up within the day.
MSER
Now in force took many of the older and less known explosives regulations (some of them listed) and wrapped them up into one all encompassing piece of legislation. It governs every aspect of Firework Storage, Manufacture & Use. Storage is determined by Hazard Type, Distance and an assessment of the pros and cons of any one site, the ACOP that accompanies the legislation is designed to help you interpret and put into place safe working practices.
Wherever they are manufactured, only fireworks designed and manufactured with care should be used for displays-
Main sources of Supply
Fireworks factories were set up in European countries and in the United States during the last few hundred years, producing fireworks for private and public use, and for the manufacture of other pyrotechnic articles such as signal flares, line-throwing rockets, etc.
However, after the Second World War, labour costs in the industrialised world raised to the point where the manufacture of fireworks in many cases became uneconomic, and a large proportion of the activity shifted to areas of the world where labour costs are low.
Imports into the UK
Imported fireworks have to be authorised and classified by the HSE, and this represents some restriction to ensure that fireworks of unknown or unsatisfactory composition and performance cannot legally be held or used.
Imported fireworks have to be authorised and classified by the HSE, and this represents some restriction to ensure that fireworks of unknown or unsatisfactory composition and performance cannot legally be held or used.
BS 7114 1988
This British Standard was introduced to bring some order and definition to the range and variety of fireworks available to the public, particularly in the light of increased imports, as above. The underlying purpose was to enhance the safety of fireworks by the specification of construction and performance, and by the provision of instructions for their proper use.
Categories of Fireworks
Part 1 of the Standard defines fireworks under four Categories, depending on how they are to be used, and lists and briefly describes the types in each Category.
Category 1
Should not cause injury to people standing 1m or more away, and not cause damage to property.
In the case of hand-held fireworks, should not cause injury to the holder.
Category 2
Should not cause injury to people standing 5m or more away. In the case of sparklers, the holder should not be injured by hot slag dropping, nor by sparks. Any fuse fitted should allow the person igniting the firework to withdraw at least 5m before initiation.
Category 3
Should not cause injury to people standing 25m or more away. People firing these fireworks would be expected to wear suitable PPE.
Category 4
Fireworks which are incomplete and/or not intended for public sale.
Other requirements of the Standard
Part 2 of the Standard gives the specifications for each type in each Category, including requirements for marking and labelling. Part 3 describes the test methods.
There are no references in Parts 2 and 3 of the Standard to Category 4 fireworks. Part 1 recommends that they be marked with the warning “This device must not be sold to, or used by, a member of the general public”. It also forbids any marking referring to the Standard on, or in relation to, Category 4 fireworks.
Preliminary Regulations for Packing & Transport
These were referred to at the start of the course-‘Classification and Labelling of Explosives 1983’ These Regulations first brought explosives in the UK within UN classification system, as described above.
Before explosives are transported, kept, or supplied –
· They must be classified and assigned to a UN number and Compatibility Group, as above
· The packages must be marked with the UN name and number, and labelled with two Class warning signs, normally 100mm square, showing the Division and Compatibility Group
Packaging of Explosives for Carriage 1991
The UN specifications for packaging
The UN specifies types of packaging, and assigns codes to them. For fireworks, the most common types are likely to be the fibreboard box type 4 G. Note that this UN packaging code has nothing to do with the UN Division and Compatibility Group letter 1.4 G.
Performance testing of packaging
Explosives must normally be carried in UN-approved packaging. An approved package is one where a prototype has successfully undergone the UN performance tests for the type at a Government-approved test establishment. Apart from the type approval, the packaging must be suitable in all respects, e.g. undamaged.
No one may carry explosives if they know that they are not in compliance, e.g. they are not in UN-approved packaging, or otherwise exempt.
These fireworks are, as their name suggests, used to create a static effect. They can be in the form of waterfalls strung horizontally on string or poles, wheels, flying pigs, fountains or lancework e.g. “Good Night”. These are mini flares linked together with fuse and burn for about 60 secs.
Careful attention needs to be paid to setting these up in order to gain the maximum effect from them, especially with respect to their height. Care must be taken to ensure that the moving fireworks set off in the right direction initially.
Most set pieces are not dangerous if properly assembled, however keep these out of the firing line to avoid premature ignition. Especially lance-work which must be set up-wind of the rest.
Lancework is a set piece of a special type. They are made up from small fireworks set on a frame which burn simultaneously as individual points of light to present a continuing two-dimensional picture. The picture may bes symbolic, such as a badge or crest, or in word form, such as “Good Night”.
More complex effects can be produced by creating different pictures in sequence on the same frame, to produce an impression of motion.
Explosives – How they work
Explosives can be classified under three headings:-
Deflagatory explosives (sometimes called low explosives), of which black powder is a typical example, are a mixture of a fuel and an oxidising agent.
On ignition, rapid combustion takes place producing quantities of hot gas. It is the expansive properties of this hot gas that, if suitably contained, gives rise to any explosive force produced. Deflagatory explosives form the vast majority of pyrotechnics mixtures.
By adjusting grain size and degree of compression of the powder before it is burnt, a considerable range of burn rates can be achieved. By the degree of containment of the hot gases after combustion has started, a considerable range of explosives force can be attained.
Hence the same quantity of black powder can be used to make a Gerb lasting 25 seconds or a lift charge for a shell fired from a mortar that burns for 6 micro seconds.
Because deflagatory explosives contain both fuel and oxidising agent, once alight they cannot be extinguished by blanketing with foam, Co2 etc. The best solution is to try to get sufficient water onto the fire to reduce the temperature to below the ignition point.
Caution! If however the fuel is metallic e.g. Magnesium, the application of water will have the same effect as squirting a bonfire with liquid oxygen! Magnesium is a very powerful reducing agent and can easily extract oxygen from substances commonly used in fire extinguishers e.g. water, carbon dioxide and even sand.
Fires involving pyrotechnic mixtures containing metallic fuels, are best covered with DRY sand in vast quantities in the hope that the thermal mass of the cold sand will cool the fire to below ignition temperature and before the metal fuel has had a chance to extract the oxygen from the sand.
It is also worth noting that pyrotechnic mixtures containing Aluminium and a nitrate oxidiser (e.g. Potassium Nitrate) will spontaneously ignite and then explode if they get wet.
BRITANNIA FIREWORKS TRAINING COURSE MAIN OBJECTIVES
This is to ensure that Display Firers have a full understanding of these general areas-
· Background law covering the storage, transport, and use of fireworks, and the difficulties & responsibilities involved in the operation of a fireworks display
· Communication before the display with other parties
· What makes a suitable fireworks display site, including surrounding areas
· Transport of materials to the site, in safety and in compliance with regulations
· Practical aspects of setting up the fireworks display safely.
· Safe firing of the display, including spectator management
· Complete clearance of the site after the display, leaving it tidy and safe for the public
INDUCTION COURSE
Delegates will be taught the theory behind the safe use of fireworks and will also receive lessons of a practical nature in the tasks associated with setting up safe firework displays in order the work towards BPA Exam Level 1.
The second phase will be a further training period with the delegate attending shows with Britannia Fireworks & Events , to ascertain his/her level of competence. Further to this various tasks will be given, educating and increasing the level of skill as the trainee works through to Level two of the training Scheme.The number of shows will be dependent upon previous experience held by the delegate (minimum 12 shows from level 1), as they will have to demonstrate that they are familiar with all aspects of setting up and firing a display
COURSE STANDARDS
The principal aim behind the course will be safety, particularly with the safety of the public and spectators in mind.Also, that it covers all the responsibilities associated with the display, not only the “Firework” element of the display, but also other activities involved in organising the whole event etc… We feel that this is not only beneficial in terms of additional knowledge, and the possible involvement with crowd control and similar aspects, but also in communicating and understanding successfully the needs of our clients etc..
BACKGROUND PRINCIPALS – KEY & GENERAL REGULATIONS
These are key background Regulations affecting the manufacture, supply, and use of fireworks, and the operation of displays. Fireworks are exempt from some of the regulations concerned with explosives, but are mentioned in passing so that Firers are at least aware of their existence and associated responsibilities. We shall also cover the basic principles of explosives in general
If you are interested in attending a Fireworks Training Course then please contact our team at Britannia Fireworks & Events
Starting in 2008 we decide to try and bring Fireworks with Music to the masses. Despite what people might think there is such a huge difference in standard Fireworks Displays and those which are fired to music.
Yes we use the same fireworks in our music shows as we do in standard shows but its how we use them that is fundamentally different. In a standard show it’s the fireworks them selves which tend to dictate pace, colour and intensity yet with the music show it is of course the music which will dictate the pace of the show which will also dictate the colours and materials used.
Firing and Designing to music is nice because we get the chance to go through themes of colour and noise, quiet sections and heavy sections, the flow varies with the music and it’s a challenge to try and replicate the vision from the audible, to try and take that emotion created by the music and double up with a visual spectacle to.
Having done quite a few Music shows this year with Fireworks and Weddings its also been nice to get more involved with the clients at a more personal level. The music they choose for their wedding fireworks are chosen for a specific a very personal reason. Just last night we had a show where the bride was reduced to tears, the show was set to music from the “Gladiator”, I had a great time creating it as it was a fantastic choice of Music. We topped it off with Nessum Dorma and an entire sequence for the Finale in just pure gold…wow
At the other end of the scale we have put together a short show for this coming week for a Birthday Party, the client had a more tongue in cheek approach to the event and chose to play “Baywatch Theme” knowing full well this would raise smile. Funnily enough I happen to think the Firework Show will look great with that music, the tune and its pace work really well with Fireworks, its quite powerful and the though of David Hassle Hoff running through the smoke is enough for anyone.
Our team competed in the British Pyromusical Championships in 2003 and took a respected 2nd place, in the following year some of us also helped out All-star Fireworks when they won in 2004 using material imported by Britannia Fireworks.
Needless to say Fireworks and music are in our blood, we enjoy rising to the challenge and fulfilling our clients expectations if not actually surpassing them. We enjoy the challenge of good design and using the materials and effects we have to hand to create a visual spectacular using Fireworks, Pyrotechnics and other special effects. We also enjoy the embrace of modern Firework Firing Technology and the ability it gives us to replicate our vision using a combination of methods and skills, that for the most go un noticed in terms of behind the scenes work. Yet the up front explosion of Fireworks does not and there is nothing better than an ecstatic audience at the end of a show!
I personally have now been involved since I was Nine years old that sounds madness in this day and age, especially in the almighty Health & Safety Days that we live in, the blame culture has got us all diving for cover behind administration and Risk Assessments
Of course the art of Fireworks Displays and making Fireworks is centuries old, it’s a form of grand entertainment that has been around longer than most things and its time proven fascination that keeps the industry going despite the enormous changes that have happened recently.
I think its in so many of us, the fascination of Fire and Light, Noise and Explosions, it gets the senses going, the Vision, The Hearing, The sense of touch ands the Fireworks Vibrate through the floor and our bodies. Its this part of it that’s old and part of our very being that makes fireworks interesting, emotional and exciting.
I was once told by my Father that when the audience clap they are applauding the fireworks and not the person who let them off. Now looking back at this, and baring in mind I know how personally my Dad felt about the displays he provided I know he didn’t really truly believe in that sentence. What I take from it and more so in the last couple of years is that its to easy to simply rely on manufactured fireworks, to lay them out and just put a match to them, that leads to complacency and that can lead to a number of things, not least safety concerns and customer dissatisfaction.
Now I have thought long and hard about what he said and as an artist (well kind of) and certainly a person, although slightly shy, one who does enjoy creating attention, and finally and most significantly someone who is very very competitive…mostly with myself! I am striving to be one of the best, and part of this has meant embracing (which we have found pretty easy and a natural step) and investing in some of the latest and best Firework Firing Technology and Computer Software.
This has lead our team to create some pretty awesome displays, you can view one at YouTube . I / We are now forever looking forward at Fireworks and Effects and are pushing to make ourselves one of the best. This will take years for sure, but hey can you imagine a better way of spending your time!
We use the Pyromate Smarthawk, Nighthawk and P45 units as well as our own Wireless small systems and DMX controllers for our flame projectors. As we are aiming to take part in some European Firework Competitions over the next few years we will be extending our hardware and pushing our learning to the limit so we can evolve, educate ourselves and hopefully make our Firework Displays more exciting, more innovative and better to watch.